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Instruments of the art of warfare
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In the Renaissance, the art of warfare became one of the main fields of application of mathematical sciences. The advent of firearms stimulated the development of a new science, ballistics, which consisted in the geometrical analysis of the relationship between the angle of the gun, the weight of the projectile, and the range. Some instruments, such as the bombardier's square, plumb rules, proportional compasses, and calipers, were standard kit for gunners. Other instruments, such as the radio latino, the archimetro, and the altazimuth square, were used instead to measure distances, the profiles of ramparts, and the layout of fortresses. Special goniometers were devised to prepare plans for fortresses with curved profiles that would avert or deflect the impact of projectiles.

Objects
"Archimetro"

"Archimetro"

Inv. 629
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Caliper compass

Caliper compass

Inv. 3693
Peugeot Frères, French, 19th cent.

Caliper compass

Caliper compass

Inv. 652, 3706
Maker unknown, Italian, 17th cent.

Case for military instruments

Case for military instruments

Inv. 620
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Dividers

Dividers

Inv. 2515
Benvenuto della Volpaia, Florence, 16th cent.

Four-point proportional compasses

Four-point proportional compasses

Inv. 3567
Giovanni Maccari, Rome, 1666

Geometric and military compass

Geometric and military compass

Inv. 3540
Giovanni Maccari, Italian, 1676

Gunner's caliper

Gunner's caliper

Inv. 695
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Gunner's caliper

Gunner's caliper

Inv. 699
Maker unknown, German?, 17th cent.

Gunner's calliper

Gunner's calliper

Inv. 3176
Lorenzo Batecin, Venice, 16th cent.

Gunner's level

Gunner's level

Inv. 669 (arco), 2539
Josua Habermel, Prague, late 16th cent.

Gunner's quadrant

Gunner's quadrant

Inv. 1303
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Gunner's quadrant

Gunner's quadrant

Inv. 659
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Gunner's rule

Gunner's rule

Inv. 2517
Hans Christoph Schissler, Prague, 1595

Gunner's sight and level

Gunner's sight and level

Inv. 2531
Maker unknown, German?, 16th cent.

Gunner's sight and level

Gunner's sight and level

Inv. 3689
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Gunner's sight and level

Gunner's sight and level

Inv. 670
Maker unknown, 16th cent.

Measuring rule

Measuring rule

Inv. 694
Maker unknown, English, 16th cent.

Military compass

Military compass

Inv. 1277
Maker unknown, 16th cent.

Military compass

Military compass

Inv. 3692
Maker unknown, French, 18th cent.

Military instrument

Military instrument

Inv. 682
Baldassarre Lanci, Italian, 1557

Military rule

Military rule

Inv. 657
Maker unknown, Italian?, 16th cent.

Military rule

Military rule

Inv. 658
Maker unknown, Italian?, 16th cent.

Plumb level

Plumb level

Inv. 3690
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Plumb level

Plumb level

Inv. 654
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Plumb level (gunner's level) and proportional compasses

Plumb level (gunner's level) and proportional compasses

Inv. 3695
Pierre Galland, 18th cent.

Proportional and surveying compasses

Proportional and surveying compasses

Inv. 2510
Georg Zorn, Augsburg, 1618

Proportional compasses

Proportional compasses

Dep. GN, Roma
Antonio Costa, Italian, 17th cent.

Proportional compasses

Proportional compasses

Inv. 2512
Jost Miller, Strasbourg, 1616

Proportional compasses

Proportional compasses

Inv. 650
Maker unknown, 17th cent.

Proportional compasses

Proportional compasses

Inv. 3647
Jacques Canivet, Paris, 18th cent.

Proportional compasses

Proportional compasses

Inv. 3676
Pierre Le Maire, Paris, 18th cent.

Quadrant

Quadrant

Inv. 1495, 2465
Tobias Volckmer, Braunschweig, 1608

"Radio latino"

"Radio latino"

Inv. 619
Carlo Doni, Italian, 17th cent.

"Radio latino"

"Radio latino"

Inv. 647
Maker unknown, Italian, late 16th cent.

Ruler

Ruler

Inv. 1322, 3683
Maker unknown, 17th cent.